How to Build a Durable Email Workflow That Scales with Your Career

Managing multiple email accounts across devices costs Australian professionals 600 hours annually through context-switching. This guide provides evidence-based strategies to streamline email workflows, reduce mental overhead, and build scalable systems that grow with your career—eliminating the productivity drain of fragmented communication.

Published on
Last updated on
+15 min read
Christin Baumgarten

Operations Manager

Oliver Jackson

Email Marketing Specialist

Abdessamad El Bahri

Full Stack Engineer

Authored By Christin Baumgarten Operations Manager

Christin Baumgarten is the Operations Manager at Mailbird, where she drives product development and leads communications for this leading email client. With over a decade at Mailbird — from a marketing intern to Operations Manager — she offers deep expertise in email technology and productivity. Christin’s experience shaping product strategy and user engagement underscores her authority in the communication technology space.

Reviewed By Oliver Jackson Email Marketing Specialist

Oliver is an accomplished email marketing specialist with more than a decade's worth of experience. His strategic and creative approach to email campaigns has driven significant growth and engagement for businesses across diverse industries. A thought leader in his field, Oliver is known for his insightful webinars and guest posts, where he shares his expert knowledge. His unique blend of skill, creativity, and understanding of audience dynamics make him a standout in the realm of email marketing.

Tested By Abdessamad El Bahri Full Stack Engineer

Abdessamad is a tech enthusiast and problem solver, passionate about driving impact through innovation. With strong foundations in software engineering and hands-on experience delivering results, He combines analytical thinking with creative design to tackle challenges head-on. When not immersed in code or strategy, he enjoys staying current with emerging technologies, collaborating with like-minded professionals, and mentoring those just starting their journey.

How to Build a Durable Email Workflow That Scales with Your Career
How to Build a Durable Email Workflow That Scales with Your Career

If you're managing multiple email accounts across different devices and feeling overwhelmed by constant context-switching, you're not alone. Modern professionals face an unprecedented email management challenge: research from workplace productivity studies reveals that Australian employees lose approximately 600 hours annually to workplace distractions and context switching—that's 1.5 hours of productive time vanishing every single workday.

The problem intensifies as your career progresses. What started as managing one personal Gmail account evolves into juggling work Outlook, client-specific addresses, project-based email, and multiple personal accounts—all while trying to maintain sanity across your desktop, laptop, and mobile devices. You're not imagining the frustration: studies from the University of California, Irvine show that after an interruption, employees require an average of 23 minutes to fully refocus on their original work.

This comprehensive guide addresses the core challenges you're experiencing and provides evidence-based strategies for building email workflows that actually scale with your career growth—without the constant mental overhead and productivity drain you're currently experiencing.

Understanding Why Email Fragmentation Destroys Your Productivity

Understanding Why Email Fragmentation Destroys Your Productivity
Understanding Why Email Fragmentation Destroys Your Productivity

The contemporary professional landscape rarely involves a single email account on a single device. Instead, your reality likely involves managing multiple email addresses from different providers—personal Gmail accounts, work Outlook instances, client-specific addresses, or domain-specific email services—across multiple devices including desktop computers, laptops, and mobile phones.

This fragmentation creates organizational challenges that conventional email clients simply weren't designed to handle. Traditional email management approaches require you to manually switch between separate applications or browser windows to access different accounts. The resulting cognitive overhead—remembering which account contains which information, repeatedly checking multiple systems for new messages, and maintaining parallel organizational structures—consumes time and mental energy that could be applied to more productive work.

Research on workplace productivity demonstrates that workers experience an average of 12 context switches within a 30-minute work period. When email management involves repeated switching between multiple accounts and applications, these context-switching costs multiply throughout the day, potentially consuming up to 40% of available productive time.

The Hidden Cost of Multiple Email Applications

Every time you switch from Gmail to Outlook to Yahoo Mail, you're not just changing windows—you're imposing a measurable cognitive penalty on your brain. Each transition requires your mind to:

  • Remember which account you need to check
  • Recall the login credentials and interface
  • Reorient to a different organizational structure
  • Process different visual layouts and navigation patterns
  • Maintain awareness of what you were doing before the switch

For professionals managing five or more email accounts, this pattern repeats dozens of times daily, collectively consuming 3-5 hours of potential productive time. The impact compounds as your career advances and email volume increases.

The Technical Foundation: Why IMAP Configuration Matters

The Technical Foundation: Why IMAP Configuration Matters
The Technical Foundation: Why IMAP Configuration Matters

Before implementing any email workflow improvements, you need to understand the underlying infrastructure that determines whether your email management will scale effectively or create more fragmentation problems.

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) represents the optimal protocol for cross-platform email synchronization because it maintains messages on provider servers and synchronizes organizational changes—reading status, folder movements, label applications, and deletions—across all connected devices.

When using IMAP-configured accounts, actions taken in an email client on your Windows desktop automatically appear on your Mac laptop or mobile device through the email provider's server-level synchronization. This means your carefully developed email organization system continues functioning seamlessly across all devices without requiring manual duplication of folder structures on each platform.

IMAP vs. POP3: Understanding the Critical Difference

In contrast, POP3 (Post Office Protocol) downloads messages directly to a specific device and removes them from server storage, creating the exact fragmentation problem that makes cross-platform email management frustrating. Many professionals unknowingly configure their accounts using POP3, thereby creating the disjointed experience they're attempting to solve.

This protocol distinction proves fundamental to understanding why conventional email management approaches often fail for professionals managing multiple accounts. The choice between IMAP and POP3 during initial account configuration determines whether subsequent email management involves centralized synchronization or distributed fragmentation.

The Unified Inbox Solution: Consolidating Multiple Accounts

The Unified Inbox Solution: Consolidating Multiple Accounts
The Unified Inbox Solution: Consolidating Multiple Accounts

A unified inbox represents a sophisticated architectural approach to managing multiple email accounts from different providers within a single interface. Rather than requiring you to manually switch between separate Gmail, Outlook, Yahoo, and other email applications, unified inbox technology consolidates all incoming messages from connected accounts into a single chronological stream.

Mailbird exemplifies this architectural approach by connecting to multiple email accounts using industry-standard protocols—IMAP for most email providers, with Exchange support available on premium tiers—and automatically synchronizing all emails from disparate sources while maintaining metadata about each message's origin.

How Unified Inboxes Maintain Account Context

The preserved metadata about message origin proves critical for professional communication. When replying to messages in a unified inbox, the system automatically routes responses from the correct account address that received the original email. If a client emails your business account, the reply comes from that business address rather than from a personal Gmail account, preventing the embarrassing mistakes and professional boundary violations that can occur when managing multiple accounts through conventional email clients.

This consolidation differs fundamentally from simply opening multiple email applications in different browser tabs or windows. In unified inbox systems, organizational changes cascade across all connected accounts through server-level synchronization. Messages moved to folders appear in those folders across all devices, emails deleted on one device show as deleted everywhere, and labels or flags applied in one location synchronize instantly across all connected applications and devices.

Cross-Account Search Capabilities

One underappreciated advantage of unified inbox architecture involves cross-account search capabilities. Rather than remembering which account contains specific information and searching within that individual account, professionals using unified inbox systems can conduct simultaneous searches across all connected accounts.

For professionals managing complex projects, client relationships, or organizational responsibilities spanning multiple email addresses, this search functionality proves genuinely transformative. Finding a specific client communication, contract reference, or project discussion no longer requires systematic searching through multiple separate email systems; instead, a single search query retrieves relevant messages from all connected accounts.

Reducing Context-Switching Through Application Integration

Reducing Context-Switching Through Application Integration
Reducing Context-Switching Through Application Integration

Email rarely exists in isolation from other professional tools and systems. Your daily work typically involves coordinating communications received through email with project management systems, task tracking applications, calendar scheduling tools, and real-time messaging platforms. Traditional email management approaches require you to maintain separate applications for each function, forcing constant switching between email, project management software, chat applications, and other tools.

Mailbird addresses this fragmentation through integration with approximately 40 third-party applications and services, creating a unified productivity workspace where you can access essential tools without constant application switching.

Communication Tools Integration

The integration ecosystem includes communication tools such as Slack, Microsoft Teams, and Google Chat for instant messaging alongside email, enabling seamless communication across multiple channels within a single interface. Rather than opening separate applications for Slack communication, checking Google Calendar for availability before proposing meeting times, and switching to Trello for task management, you can access all these capabilities from within your email interface without leaving the application window.

Productivity Platform Consolidation

Productivity platforms like Asana, Trello, and Todoist for task management integrate directly into the email workflow, allowing you to convert emails into tasks without switching applications. File management services including Google Drive, Dropbox, and OneDrive enable accessing attachments and cloud files without opening separate browser windows.

The practical impact of this integrated approach proves substantial. Research indicates that approximately 56% of workers report feeling obligated to respond immediately to notifications, creating environments where context-switching becomes the default operating mode rather than an occasional interruption. By consolidating multiple applications into a unified interface, you dramatically reduce the number of context switches required throughout your workday.

AI-Powered Email Composition and Response Generation

AI-Powered Email Composition and Response Generation
AI-Powered Email Composition and Response Generation

Recent advances in artificial intelligence have introduced sophisticated capabilities for email composition and response drafting directly within email clients. Mailbird's ChatGPT integration eliminates the traditional barrier of composition difficulty by enabling professionals to generate professional email drafts in seconds.

The integration serves multiple functions including generating compelling subject lines, writing professional replies in specific tones, crafting polite declines, creating confirmations, and addressing other common email scenarios. For professionals managing high-volume email communications where composition demands would otherwise consume substantial time, this capability proves particularly valuable.

Speed Reading Technology for High-Volume Processing

An underutilized productivity feature involves speed reading technology specifically adapted for email processing. This technology presents email content word-by-word at user-selected reading speeds, enabling faster comprehension of message content than traditional linear reading.

Mailbird includes a speed reader feature enabling users to adjust reading pace with selectable words-per-minute settings. Research indicates that average reading speeds range from 200-300 words per minute for typical readers, while the speed reader enables reading at 800 words per minute while maintaining comprehension for straightforward content.

Speed reading particularly benefits professionals processing high-volume email communications, especially emails where you're copied or blind-copied and must quickly determine whether messages require action. Combined with snooze functionality that temporarily removes non-urgent emails from the inbox, speed reading enables faster processing of high-volume inbox communications without sacrificing comprehension or missing important details.

Email Workflow Automation and Systematic Processing

Sustainability in email management depends on establishing boundaries around email processing rather than allowing constant interruption and reactive responsiveness. Best practices for sustainable email management emphasize establishing clear folder structures supporting explicit decision frameworks for email processing.

Establishing Action-Based Folder Structures

Rather than allowing emails to pile up in the inbox as a pseudo-to-do list, professionals benefit from making deliberate decisions on each message:

  • Messages requiring no action are deleted
  • Tasks beyond personal responsibility are delegated
  • Emails requiring brief responses are answered immediately
  • Messages requiring future action are moved to dedicated action folders with clear timestamps
  • Tasks amenable to immediate completion are executed without delay

Research on email management and the Getting Things Done (GTD) methodology reinforces this approach. By maintaining clear separation between actionable and non-actionable emails, you reduce the cognitive overhead required each time you review your inbox. Emails filed in reference folders that still represent things to do produce anxiety, while email in the inbox that is only needed for retrievable information creates focus fog and prevents clear assessment of actual workload and pending obligations.

Implementing Filters and Automation Rules

One of the most underutilized productivity features in email management involves sophisticated filter and automation rules that reduce manual processing overhead. These rules can automatically organize incoming emails based on sender, subject line keywords, message content, or combinations of criteria.

Mailbird's filtering interface makes this implementation straightforward through intuitive rule creation. You can create complex filters that apply distinctive labels or even trigger notifications for high-priority senders or subjects, ensuring that truly important communications receive immediate attention regardless of which device is being used when they arrive.

Common high-value filters include:

  • Automatically moving newsletters to a designated folder
  • Flagging emails from critical contacts
  • Moving system notifications outside the main inbox
  • Applying specific labels to emails from important senders or about particular topics

Batch Processing and Notification Management

Research indicates that when participants targeted just three email check-ins daily rather than continuous monitoring, they handled roughly the same number of emails while using approximately 20% less time.

Configurable notification management systems support batch processing approaches by enabling notifications only for priority emails while deferred non-critical messages wait for scheduled processing blocks. This selective notification approach lets you maintain responsiveness for important contacts while protecting focus time from constant interruption.

During designated email processing windows—typically 9 AM, 1 PM, and 4 PM—you engage comprehensively with accumulated email, applying filters, responding to priority messages, organizing for action, and archiving completed communications. Outside designated processing windows, notifications can be disabled entirely or restricted to high-priority categories, creating extended periods of protected focus time for deep work on strategic projects and complex professional tasks.

Phased Implementation Strategy for Sustainable Adoption

Implementing durable email workflows that scale with career growth requires systematic, phased implementation rather than attempting to change everything simultaneously.

Phase 1: Foundation Setup and Verification

Begin by connecting your most frequently-used email accounts to your unified email client and verifying that unified inbox consolidation functions correctly across all connected accounts. This verification phase includes:

  • Configuring all email accounts with IMAP protocol
  • Verifying that the unified inbox displays messages from all accounts chronologically
  • Confirming reply-from-correct-account functionality works automatically
  • Verifying calendar events synchronize across all connected calendars
  • Testing existing server-side rules to ensure they apply correctly to incoming messages

Phase 2: Integration Configuration and Notification Settings

The second implementation phase integrates desired third-party applications and establishes notification settings balancing awareness with focus. Identify which productivity tools you use daily—Slack for team communication, Asana for project management, Google Calendar for scheduling—and configure integrations within your unified email client.

Notification settings require careful calibration during this phase. Best practices involve enabling notifications for important email categories (messages from managers or key clients) while disabling notifications for low-priority messages (newsletters, notifications, promotional content). This ensures urgent communications receive immediate attention without constant interruption.

Phase 3: Secondary Device Installation

Implementation continues by installing the unified email client on secondary work devices and configuring identical account connections and integration settings. The consistent interface across Windows and macOS means that transitioning from primary to secondary device involves minimal additional learning curve.

An important consideration during this phase involves creating critical rules and organizational structures at the email provider server level rather than within the email client, ensuring they apply across all devices and clients regardless of platform.

Phase 4: Advanced Workflow Optimization

The final implementation phase optimizes workflows through advanced features: establishing sophisticated filter and automation rules, configuring integrations with productivity tools, setting up batch processing schedules, and fine-tuning notification settings. Because these configurations sync across devices through email provider infrastructure, you create one optimized workflow applying universally rather than maintaining separate configurations for each platform.

Measuring Productivity Improvements and Continuous Optimization

Implementing unified email workflows should deliver measurable productivity gains. Tracking specific metrics helps you quantify the value of new approaches and identify areas for further optimization.

Tracking Time Savings and Reduced Context-Switching

After implementing systematic email management improvements, professionals typically report substantial reductions in email management time—often reclaiming 30-60 minutes daily—simply by eliminating the overhead of context-switching between accounts and devices. The unified inbox reduces the number of times email must be checked because all messages appear in one place rather than requiring separate checking of multiple accounts.

Conservative estimates suggest reclaiming 1-2 hours weekly per employee through systematic email management improvements. This breaks down as:

  • 20-30 minutes weekly from reduced context-switching via unified inbox and integrated apps
  • 20-30 minutes weekly from email batching and notification discipline eliminating constant checking
  • 10-15 minutes weekly from template utilization for common communications
  • 10-15 minutes weekly from snooze functionality enabling focused work blocks
  • 10-20 minutes weekly from speed reading and quick processing of well-formatted emails

These behavioral changes, supported by appropriate tools, compound over time. Hours reclaimed weekly accumulate into days monthly and weeks annually, while the reduction in stress and improvement in focus quality enhance every aspect of professional work.

Monitoring Email Response Times and Performance Metrics

Advanced email productivity management involves monitoring specific metrics that indicate system performance and identify optimization opportunities:

  • Email response time: Average time taken to respond to incoming emails
  • Email volume metrics: Total number of emails sent and received
  • First response time: How long until you send the first reply to incoming communications
  • Time to resolution: How long from arrival until "done"—what colleagues and clients actually experience

Continuous Workflow Refinement Based on Usage Patterns

Email management workflows should evolve based on actual usage patterns rather than remaining static after initial implementation. As you use unified email systems, specific pain points emerge, repetitive tasks surface that could be automated, and opportunities for further optimization become apparent.

Regular review of email processing patterns identifies automation opportunities. If you notice yourself repeatedly applying the same label to emails from specific senders, creating a filter that applies that label automatically eliminates manual work. If certain types of emails consistently get deferred to specific times, creating snooze presets that match actual workflow patterns accelerates processing.

Building Sustainable Email Habits for Long-Term Career Success

Sustainability in email management requires more than tactical productivity improvements; it demands structural support for cognitive health and well-being.

Implementing Email-Free Periods

Advanced email management strategies now include scheduling regular periods of complete email abstinence to recover from information overload. This includes:

  • Implementing email-free weekends or evenings to establish clear work-life boundaries
  • Using vacation auto-responders even during working periods when focusing on critical projects
  • Coordinating "low-email days" with teams when everyone focuses on deep work
  • Considering quarterly "email sabbaticals" where you step away for 2-3 days while a colleague monitors for true emergencies

Weekly Reset Routines

Weekly reset routines represent another critical sustainability practice. These should include:

  • Clearing lingering messages that accumulated during the week
  • Updating folder structures and filters based on changing projects or priorities
  • Archiving completed conversations and reference materials
  • Reviewing and adjusting email routines based on what's working and what isn't
  • "Zeroing out" the email inbox by deleting unnecessary emails, flagging items requiring attention, and unsubscribing from junk messages

Creating Email Signature Standards and Communication Norms

Building sustainable email practices involves establishing explicit communication norms and expectations. Adding email check schedules to email signatures—for example, "I check emails at 9 AM, 1 PM, and 4 PM Eastern Time"—communicates response schedules to colleagues and helps manage expectations around availability.

This transparency proves particularly valuable in distributed teams where time zone differences make continuous synchronous communication impractical. By establishing and communicating consistent check-in schedules, you protect focused work time while maintaining reasonable responsiveness to important communications.

Maintaining List Hygiene and Reducing Information Overload

As email volume accumulates, inbox management increasingly requires active list maintenance and information pruning. Regular review and unsubscription from unnecessary mailing lists, newsletters, and promotional communications prevents inbox clutter and reduces the cognitive overhead of sorting through unwanted messages.

Research on digital pollution and sustainable email practices emphasizes the environmental and resource implications of maintaining large email volumes. Beyond immediate productivity benefits, regular deletion of unnecessary emails, limiting attachments, sending emails only to necessary recipients, and considering plain text format over HTML reduce both environmental impact and storage requirements.

Scaling Email Workflows Through Career Progression

As your career advances through different stages, email management systems must evolve to handle increased complexity and changing responsibilities.

Early Career: Establishing Foundational Practices

For early-career professionals establishing email management systems, emphasis should focus on establishing strong foundational practices that scale effectively as responsibilities increase. This involves selecting email systems supporting IMAP-based synchronization across devices, implementing systematic folder structures for organizing actionable email, and establishing batch processing schedules rather than reactive continuous monitoring.

Early-career implementation challenges often involve learning effective email management practices while managing relatively moderate email volumes. This stage provides valuable opportunity to establish habits that will serve you well as responsibilities expand and email volumes increase.

Mid-Career: Consolidating and Optimizing

As careers progress and professionals take on expanded responsibilities, email management systems must evolve to handle increased complexity. Mid-career professionals often manage multiple email accounts (personal, work, client-specific, potentially project-based addresses), work across multiple time zones, and coordinate with increasingly large teams.

Consolidating these fragmented systems through unified inbox architecture and establishing sophisticated automation and filtering becomes increasingly valuable at this career stage. The time and mental energy saved through efficient email management scales directly with email volume and account complexity, making investments in unified workflow systems particularly worthwhile for mid-career professionals.

Senior Leadership: Strategic Communication and Delegation

Senior professionals managing substantial teams and organizations face distinctive email management challenges. Executive-level correspondence often involves high-stakes communications, regulatory compliance requirements, and records management considerations that extend beyond individual productivity into organizational governance.

Email management at this level increasingly involves delegation to administrative assistants, implementation of organizational records management policies, and establishing communication standards for the entire organization or team. Email management becomes not merely personal productivity optimization but organizational process design supporting broader business objectives.

Frequently Asked Questions

How much time can I realistically save by implementing a unified email workflow?

Based on research findings, professionals implementing systematic email management improvements typically reclaim 30-60 minutes daily by eliminating context-switching overhead between multiple accounts and devices. Conservative estimates suggest saving 1-2 hours weekly through combined improvements including unified inbox consolidation (20-30 minutes weekly), email batching and notification discipline (20-30 minutes weekly), template utilization (10-15 minutes weekly), snooze functionality (10-15 minutes weekly), and speed reading capabilities (10-20 minutes weekly). These time savings compound over months and years, accumulating to weeks of additional productive time annually while simultaneously reducing stress and improving communication quality.

What's the difference between IMAP and POP3, and why does it matter for my email workflow?

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) maintains messages on provider servers and synchronizes organizational changes—reading status, folder movements, label applications, and deletions—across all connected devices. When using IMAP-configured accounts, actions taken in an email client on your Windows desktop automatically appear on your Mac laptop or mobile device through server-level synchronization. In contrast, POP3 (Post Office Protocol) downloads messages directly to a specific device and removes them from server storage, creating fragmentation that makes cross-platform email management frustrating. The research findings emphasize that proper IMAP configuration proves essential for professionals seeking true cross-device synchronization where email organization created on one device appears identically on all connected devices.

How do I transition from managing multiple separate email accounts to a unified inbox without losing important messages?

The transition process involves systematic phased implementation rather than attempting to change everything simultaneously. Begin by connecting your most frequently-used email accounts to your unified email client using IMAP protocol, which ensures all existing messages remain accessible and synchronized. Verify that the unified inbox displays messages from all accounts chronologically and that reply-from-correct-account functionality works automatically. The research findings emphasize that because IMAP-based systems maintain messages on provider servers, you never lose access to historical emails during the transition. Install the unified client on secondary devices once primary setup is verified, ensuring consistent configuration across all platforms. Create critical organizational rules at the email provider server level to ensure they apply universally across all devices and clients.

Can a unified inbox system handle my work email that uses Microsoft Exchange?

Yes, Mailbird specifically supports Microsoft Exchange integration on premium tiers, enabling professionals to consolidate both standard IMAP email accounts (Gmail, Yahoo, personal domains) and Exchange-based work email into a single unified interface. The research findings indicate that this capability proves particularly valuable for professionals who need to manage both personal email accounts and corporate Exchange email without constantly switching between applications. The unified inbox maintains proper account context, automatically routing replies from the correct address that received the original email, preventing the professional boundary violations that can occur when managing multiple accounts through conventional email clients.

How does batch processing email compare to checking email continuously throughout the day?

Research findings demonstrate that when participants targeted just three email check-ins daily rather than continuous monitoring, they handled roughly the same number of emails while using approximately 20% less time. Batch processing involves establishing designated email processing windows—typically at 9 AM, 1 PM, and 4 PM—during which you engage comprehensively with accumulated email, applying filters, responding to priority messages, organizing for action, and archiving completed communications. Outside these windows, notifications are disabled or restricted to high-priority categories, creating extended periods of protected focus time. This approach aligns with research showing that employees require approximately 23 minutes to fully refocus after an interruption, and that workers experience an average of 12 context switches within a 30-minute work period when using continuous email monitoring approaches.

What productivity integrations are most valuable for reducing context-switching in email workflows?

The research findings identify several high-value integrations that significantly reduce context-switching overhead: communication tools (Slack, Microsoft Teams, Google Chat) for instant messaging alongside email within a single interface; productivity platforms (Asana, Trello, Todoist) for converting emails into tasks without switching applications; file management services (Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive) for accessing attachments and cloud files without opening separate browser windows; and calendar integration consolidating events from multiple accounts into unified views that prevent double-booking. Mailbird's integration with approximately 40 third-party applications creates a unified productivity workspace where you can access essential tools without the constant application switching that research shows consumes up to 40% of available productive time through accumulated context-switching costs.

How do I maintain email workflow consistency when working across Windows and Mac devices?

The research findings emphasize that IMAP-based unified inbox systems provide automatic synchronization of folder structures, organizational schemes, and email actions across all devices regardless of platform. Mailbird offers consistent interfaces across Windows and macOS, meaning that transitioning from primary to secondary device involves minimal additional learning curve. The key implementation strategy involves creating critical organizational rules and folder structures at the email provider server level rather than within the email client, ensuring they apply across all devices and clients regardless of platform. This approach means that folders you create on a Mac desktop appear identically on a Windows PC, and any organizational changes made on one device immediately reflect on all other connected devices through server-level synchronization.